Globalization refers to a set of economic, social, and political structures and processes deriving from intra- or inter-continental networks of people, the links between whom are mediated by national economies, cultures, technologies, and governance ( 1, 2). This research will assist policymakers in developing comprehensive strategies for sustainable development. However, in China, globalization is resulting in environmental degradation. In the short term, globalization is improving the environment in the United States and India. The empirical results indicate that in the United States, the nexus between globalization and the environment is cointegrated in the long-term. Using the bootstrap autoregressive-distributed lag test with a Fourier function, the present study reexamined the nexus between globalization and the environment in China, the United States, and India. Sharp and smooth breaks in time series models are the consequence of real-world structures. However, multiple economic, social, and political factors are also important, the integration of which needs to be considered in sustainable development. Prior studies have focused on how trade in globalization influences the environment. 7Department of Business Administration, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, TaiwanĪlongside sustainable development as a major global aim, the contribution made by globalization to environmental issues has become crucial in recent decades.
6School of Accounting and Finance, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
4Department of Finance, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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